Carboxylic acids and salts having alkyl chains longer than eight carbons exhibit unusual behavior in water due to the presence of both hydrophilic (CO₂) and hydrophobic (alkyl) regions in the same molecule. Such molecules are termed amphiphilic (Gk. amphi = both) or amphipathic. Fatty acids made up of ten or more carbon atoms are nearly insoluble in water, and because of their lower density, float on the surface when mixed with water. Unlike paraffin or other alkanes, which tend to puddle on the waters surface, these fatty acids spread evenly over an extended water surface, eventually forming a monomolecular layer in which the polar carboxyl groups are hydrogen bonded at the water interface, and the hydrocarbon chains are aligned together away from the water. This behavior is illustrated in the diagram on the right. Substances that accumulate at water surfaces and change the surface properties are called surfactants.

3 ingredient homemade laundry detergent powder directions for homemade laundry detergent powder: grate soap until fine and POWDERY. ADD ONE GRATED BAR OF IVORY SOAP TO 2 CUPS OF BORAX AND 2 CUPS OF WASHING SODA. If you'd like to go beyond the basics of cold process soap making, whip up a batch of liquid soap.It requires a bit more patience to make liquid soap than it does to make bar soap.The major difference between liquid and bar soap is the alkali used to saponify the oils. All soap, whether liquid or hard, starts with a simple chemical reaction between oils and an alkali.

Alkali metal salts of fatty acids are more soluble in water than the acids themselves, and the amphiphilic character of these substances also make them strong surfactants. The most common examples of such compounds are soaps and detergents, four of which are shown below. Note that each of these molecules has a nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, the 'tail', and a polar (often ionic) 'head group'. The use of such compounds as cleaning agents is facilitated by their surfactant character, which lowers the surface tension of water, allowing it to penetrate and wet a variety of materials.

Very small amounts of these surfactants dissolve in water to give a random dispersion of solute molecules. However, when the concentration is increased an interesting change occurs. The surfactant molecules reversibly assemble into polymolecular aggregates called micelles. By gathering the hydrophobic chains together in the center of the micelle, disruption of the hydrogen bonded structure of liquid water is minimized, and the polar head groups extend into the surrounding water where they participate in hydrogen bonding. These micelles are often spherical in shape, but may also assume cylindrical and branched forms, as illustrated on the right. Here the polar head group is designated by a blue circle, and the nonpolar tail is a zig-zag black line.

Soap Making / Detergent Cake Making Business / Detergent Soap making Process. This is a small Business Ideas That You can. Detergent Cake formula How To Make Detergent Cake A laundry detergent cake is generally an all-kind of laundry cleaning detergent that comes in the form of a cake. We are using a detergent cake on a daily basis but. Cleaning Bar, Liquid Detergent, Detergent Powder, Detergent Soap, Liquid Soap, Handwash, Hand Sanitizer, Herbal Shampoo, Henna Based Hair Dye, Herbal Cream, Shaving Cream, Air. For Making Burgundy Colour C. For Making Chase Nut Colour D. For Making Special Brown Manufacturing Process Process Flow Diagram 18.

The oldest amphiphilic cleaning agent known to humans is soap. Soap is manufactured by the base-catalyzed hydrolysis (saponification) of animal fat. Before sodium hydroxide was commercially available, a boiling solution of potassium carbonate leached from wood ashes was used. Soft potassium soaps were then converted to the harder sodium soaps by washing with salt solution. The importance of soap to human civilization is documented by history, but some problems associated with its use have been recognized. One of these is caused by the weak acidity (pKa ca. 4.9) of the fatty acids. Solutions of alkali metal soaps are slightly alkaline (pH 8 to 9) due to hydrolysis. If the pH of a soap solution is lowered by acidic contaminants, insoluble fatty acids precipitate and form a scum. A second problem is caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts in the water supply (hard water). These divalent cations cause aggregation of the micelles, which then deposit as a dirty scum.

These problems have been alleviated by the development of synthetic amphiphiles called detergents (or syndets). By using a much stronger acid for the polar head group, water solutions of the amphiphile are less sensitive to pH changes. Also the sulfonate functions used for virtually all anionic detergents confer greater solubility on micelles incorporating the alkaline earth cations found in hard water. Variations on the amphiphile theme have led to the development of other classes, such as the cationic and nonionic detergents shown above. Cationic detergents often exhibit germicidal properties, and their ability to change surface pH has made them useful as fabric softeners and hair conditioners. These versatile chemical 'tools' have dramatically transformed the household and personal care cleaning product markets over the past fifty years.

Contributors

• William Reusch, Professor Emeritus (Michigan State U.), Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry

Detergent powder or laundry washing powder is a promising industry in India. In addition, any individual can initiate a detergent powder making business with moderate capital investment. Here in this article, we intend to explore how to start a small-scale detergent powder manufacturing business.

Detergent and washing powder are surfactants. And washing powder is an important ingredient for cleaning and washing purpose.

Generally, there two different types of manufacturing technologies are available. One is spray dried and another is mixing the raw materials. However, the first option is only perfect for a large-scale operation. Also, it demands a huge capital investment. The second option (mixing formula) is the easier option and you can start the manufacturing with small capital investment.

Here is a Detailed Stepwise Detergent Manufacturing Business Project Plan Guide for Beginners

Detergent Powder Market Potential

The Indian detergent industry is growing at a CAGR of 13.06% from the last five years. Generally, the detergent powder segment caters to three categories, lower, middle and higher-end markets. In terms of value, the Rs.5,000 crore detergents market is among the largest FMCG categories in India, next only to edible oils and biscuits. In addition, the Indian market for detergents is among the largest in the world

Due to rapid urbanization, the emergence of small pack size and sachets, the demand for this product is flourishing. In addition, an increasing per capita income helps to boost the purchasing capacity of the population. Furthermore, a wide range of available choice, health awareness and hunger for good living are other reasons for the growing demand for detergent powder.

In addition, the rural population has replaced detergent cake with washing powder in massive quantity. Apart from the domestic consumption, the product has a different usage in the industrial sectors. The detergent industry represents a good investment opportunity in the small and medium sector. Therefore, washing powder manufacturing is a lucrative business opportunity for new entrepreneurs.

Detergent Powder Manufacturing License & Registration

You will need to apply for ‘Consent to Establish’ and ‘Consent to Operate’ both from the Pollution Control Board. For quality control, you need to have BIS registration and IS: 4955-1968: specification is required for synthetic detergent powder for household use.

If you want to start the manufacturing with mixing process, you need to obtain different registrations and licenses. However, it depends on the location where you are establishing the plant. It is advisable to check the local state laws. Here we put some of the basic considerations.

• First of all, determine the form of your business. And accordingly, register the business.
• Apply for the Trade License from the Municipal Authority.
• Additionally, apply for MSME Udyog Aadhaar online registration.
• Apply for the ‘Consent to Establish’ from the Pollution Control Board
• Obtain the GST registration.
• Apply for BIS certification.
• Choose a catchy brand name of the product and secure the name with Trademark

Detergent Powder Making Plant Setup & Machinery

You can initiate a small-scale detergent powder manufacturing unit with a 1000 Sq Ft area. However, the area requirement hugely depends on the desired quantity output.

In addition, you have to secure the factory location carefully. the location must have the availability of water, electricity, and transportation.

Soap Vs Detergent

Related: 14 Things To Consider In Selecting Factory Location

Detergent Soap Making Formula Pdf Free

Detergent Powder Making Machine

The basic detergent powder manufacturing types of equipment needed are listed below:

• Reactors
• Neutraliser
• Pulveriser
• Blender
• Weighing scale etc.

Related: 10 Things To Consider In Purchasing Machine & Equipment

Detergent Powder Making Formula

Different companies have their own customized formula. In addition, you have to craft the formula according to your target market demographic. You can source the manufacturing technology from Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. Gijubhai Badeka Marg, Waghawadi Road. Bhavnagar -364 002 However, here we put a basic formula with the ingredients in percentage for your ready reference.

Ingredients	Premium grade (Wt, %)	Popular grade (Wt, %)
85% active LAB acid slurry	18	15
Sodium carbonate (soda ash)	35	32
Sodium metasilicate	2	No
Alkaline sodium silicate	No	7
Sodium bicarbonate	10	10
Sodium Sulphate (anhydrous)	20	25
Sodium tripolyphosphate	10	7
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose	1.5	1
Phthalocyanine blue color or oil-soluble yellow colour	0.1	0.1
Optical whitener	0.3	0.2
Perfume	0.1	0.1
Water	3	2.6

Detergent Powder Manufacturing Process

First of all, you have to neutralize the acid slurry with soda ash. Then keep the mixture for one hour for completion of the reaction. Then mix the other ingredients such as STEP, TSP, Glauber’s salt, CMC, Colours, Perfume etc. and blend to the neutralized acid slurry with continuous mixing. After this, you have to dry this mixture. Then pack the finished product in the suitable packing.

Related: 30 Best Self Employment Ideas In India For Men & Women

Detergent Powder Packaging

Apart from the above mentioned raw materials, you have to procure packaging materials. Generally, the detergent powder comes in the poly pack. Most popular packaging quantities are 200 gm, 1 Kg, and 5 Kg. In addition, packaging has important aspects of marketing. You must design the packets carefully. Furthermore, you have to put the basic details in packets. These are quantity, MRP, manufacturing date, company address, customer care number etc. In addition, you have to arrange the outer cartoons for bulk packaging and transportation.

Soap And Detergent Making

Learning Resources For Detergent Powder Manufacturing

Starting a commercial detergent powder production requires some basic knowledge. And a book is the best guide for this. If you seriously want to start this business, we’d recommend you to buy this book.

The term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Some of the fundamentals of the book are the technology of soap making and washing of saponified soap. Also, it includes plant for total soap making operation, construction materials for soap making plants, earth bleaching of oils, chemical bleaching, fatty acids, manufacturing of framed soaps, manufacture of chips and flakes, manufacture of milled bars, the Mazzoni process, floating soap bars, mixing of soap, chemicals used in soaps & detergents, disinfectants and antiseptics, dry cleaning agents, etc.

Additionally, the book contains formulae, processes of different types of soaps, detergents and disinfectants. These products have good demand in domestic as well as in the international market. So there is a very good scope for new entrepreneurs to venture into this field. This book is an invaluable resource for entrepreneurs, technocrats and for those who want to diversify into this field.

From a detergent powder manufacturing unit, you can also produce detergent cake and liquid detergent.

Detergent Powder Project Cost Synopsis:

Plant capacity: 1000 Kgs. / day	T.C.I: Rs. 22 Lakhs
Plant & machinery: Rs. 6 Lakhs	Breakeven: 46%
Return: 48%

The actual cost of a detergent manufacturing project may deviate on change of any of the assumptions. You can modify the project capacity and project cost as per your requirement.